The city of San Antonio is one of the oldest Spanish colonization in European settlements in Texas and, for several decades, its largest city. Before the Spanish occupation, the site was occupied for thousands of years by various indigenous cultures. The historic Payaya Indians are probably the ones who met the first Europeans.
The "Villa de Bejar" was founded by Spanish explorers on May 5, 1718, then Governor Martin Alarcon, upstream of the San Pedro River. Mission San Antonio de Valero was established on the east bank of the river and the presidio is 3/4 of the league's downstream. The development of the Spanish colonial city followed. A trading post was also established near the presidio and the city was developed as the capital of Tejas, a Spanish colonial province. It is the northernmost settlement associated with the Hispanic culture of the Mexican Valley.
After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, Anglo-American settlers entered the area from the United States. In 1836, Anglo-Americans ruled Texas in a battle that gained independence for the Republic of Texas. In 1845 Texas was annexed by the United States, and became a state.
Video History of San Antonio
Sejarah awal
After thousands of years of successful indigenous cultures, the historic Indian Payaya united as distinct ethnic groups. They live near the San Antonio River Basin, in the San Pedro Springs area, which they call Yanaguana, which means "refreshing water".
In 1536, ÃÆ' lvar NÃÆ'ºÃÆ'  ± ez Cabeza de Vaca, a stranded Spanish explorer enslaved by Native Americans for a period, visited the inside of what was then called Texas. He saw and described the river then named San Antonio. He eventually rejoined his Spanish counterparts in Mexico City.
Several expeditions to the Texas region, a very strategic area for the Spanish crown, were organized from the QuerÃÆ' © taro Monastery. With that goal in 1675, an expedition formed by Fray Antonio de Olivares, Fray Francisco Hidalgo, Fray Juan Larios and Fernando Orozco Josuà ©  © HernÃÆ'¡ndez y hay hete suÃÆ' © ter was Natalia Orozco, sent to explore and recognize the country in beyond the border of the Rio Grande, to test the possibility of new settlements in the area.
In 1691, a group of Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in rivers and Native American settlements (located in La Villita region today) on 13 June. Since it was the feast day of St. Anthony of Padua, Italy, they named the place and the river San Antonio in his honor.
In 1709, an expedition led by Pedro de Aguirre, along with Fray Antonio de Olivares and Fray Isidro de Espinosa carried out consisting of an exploration of the area in which the city of San Antonio is now located and expanded into the Colorado River. That same year he traveled to Spain to convince the authorities to build and maintain a new mission on the banks of the San Antonio River in the city of San Antonio today.
In 1716, Fray Antonio de Olivares wrote to the Viceroy of New Spain, recounting their hopes and plans for future missions, and urging him to send settlers' families to set up a city. In the same letter he stressed that it is necessary for some of these families to be skilled in useful arts and industries, "to teach the Indians all it takes to be a useful and capable citizen."
Finally, Fray Antonio's perseverance was answered and Viceroyalty gave formal approval for the mission in late 1716, and assigned responsibility for their formation to MartÃÆ'n de AlarcÃÆ'³n, governor Coahuila y Tejas.
Maps History of San Antonio
Spanish language
Fray Antonio de Olivares organized the establishment of a new mission, from the next Mission San Francisco Solano, often in droves meeting Indians in the area (Indian Payaya), gradually gaining their love and respect. It remained only at the mission site for some time arranging everything with the Indians, the group finally stood the straw, branch and mud structure near the head of the San Antonio River. The mission is called San Antonio de Valero, a name derived from "San Antonio de Padua" and Viceroy New Spain, Marquess of Valero. The mission is located near the Coahuiltecan community and was initially inhabited by a native of three to five people converted from Mission San Francisco Solano.
Unfortunately, his work was suspended for some time, having an accident while crossing the bridge, the animal leg he rode slipped into a hole, fell hard to the ground and broke his leg. When he can walk again, the mission changes place, moving it to the west bank of the river, where the flood is less likely. By order of his religious order, Fray Antonio de Olivares moved the Mission of San Francisco Solano to the new mission of San Antonio de Valero.
He also built the Presidio San Antonio de BÃÆ'Â © xar, on the west side of the San Antonio River, about 1 mile from the mission. It is designed to protect civilian mission and settlement systems in central Texas and to ensure Spanish representation in the territory of French, British and American aggression. The presidio is made up of a brick building, covered with grass, with soldiers living in brush huts. As the settlers concentrated around the presidio and mission complexes, beginning to form Bejar or Bexar towns, turning them into the foundations of Texas Spain. Being at the center of some of Bejar's operating system missions suffers no other presidios needs and anxiety. Although there are occasional Indian attacks, the presidio wall defenses are never finished or deemed necessary, because the mission is then converted into the main wall of defense units.
The operating complex is equipped with the construction of the first trench of Texas (Acequia Madre de Valero), 6 miles long, built to irrigate 400 hectares and supply the occupants of new facilities built. It is important for the mission to be able to divert and control water from the San Antonio River, to plant crops and supply water to communities in the area. This particular acequia is the beginning of a much broader acequia system. Acequia Madre de Valero ran from what is now known as Brackenridge Park and south to what is now Hemisfair Plaza and South Alamo Street. Part of it that is not visible to the public runs under Menger Hotel. The acequia was restored in 1968 and the year was designated as Historic Historical Records of Texas.
Fray Antonio de Olivares is assisted by the Payaya Indians to build a bridge connecting Mission de San Antonio de Valero and Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, and Acequia Madre de Valero.
On May 1, 1718, according to a certified statement to be retained, Don Martin de Alarcon granted ownership to Fray Antonio de Olivares of the MissionÃÆ'³n de San Antonio de Valero, later known as "The Alamo", based on an official mission.
On May 5, Presidio founded San Antonio de Bexar, on the west side of the San Antonio River, a source from the current city of San Antonio Texas. The event is headed by Martin de AlarcÃÆ'³n, which hosts about 30 families in the surrounding area.
On July 8, 1718 was held at the new Mission of San Antonio de Valero the first baptism, as reflected in the list of mission baptisms.
On February 14, 1719, the Marquess of San Miguel de Aguayo made a report to the king of Spain proposing that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Habana to fill the province of Texas. In June 1730, 25 families came to Cuba, and 10 families were sent to Veracruz. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group moved ashore towards the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, where they arrived on March 9, 1731. The group joined the military community that had existed since 1718, forming the first government in the city and taking over as headquarters build the Presidio San Antonio de BÃÆ'Â © jar.
In 1719, Margil obtained permission from MarquÃÆ' Â © de San Miguel de Aguayo to establish a second mission in San Antonio. However, Father Olivares opposed him. Regardless, the Franciscan Zacatecan founded the San José Mission San Miguel de Aguayo, alongside the San Antonio River, on February 23, 1720.
San Antonio grew into the largest Spanish settlement in Texas. After the failure of the Spanish mission to the north of the city, San Antonio became the furthest northeast extension of the Hispanic culture of the Mexican Valley. The city is for most of its history the capital of Spain, then Mexico, Tejas province. From the San Antonio Camino Real, Nacogdoches Road today, run to the American border in the small town of Nacogdoches border.
Texas Revolution
After Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, Anglo American settlers, at the invitation of the Mexican government through Empresarios like Stephen F. Austin, began settling in Texas in the east and northeast of San Antonio.
When Antonio LÃÆ'³pez de Santa Anna, having been elected President of Mexico in 1833, overturned the Mexican Constitution of 1824, violence occurred in many Mexican provinces. In Texas, Angloan settlers joined many Hispanics, calling themselves Tejanos, in demand for a return to the Constitution of 1824. In a series of battles, Anglo Texans, who called themselves Texans, backed by a large number of Tejano allies, initially succeeded in forcing the Mexican military to withdraw from Texas.
Under the leadership of Ben Milam, in the Battle of Bexar, December 1835, the Texans seized San Antonio from the army commanded by General Martin Perfecto de Cos, Santa Anna's brother-in-law. The forces opposed to Santa Anna took over the entire province of Texas. Today Milam Park and Cos House in San Antonio commemorate this battle.
Battle of the Alamo
After laying down resistance in other parts of Mexico, in the spring of 1836, Santa Anna led the Mexicans back to Texas and marched in San Antonio. He intends to avenge Cos's defeat and end the Texas uprising. Sam Houston, believes that San Antonio can not be defended against the efforts set by regular Mexican army, calling on Texas troops to leave the city.
A volunteer army under the joint command of William Barrett Travis, who had just arrived in Texas, and James Bowie, and included Davy Crockett and his company from Tennesseans, and Juan Seguin company from Hispanic Hispanic volunteers, occupied and fortified a lonely mission, Alamo. They are determined to hold San Antonio against all the opposition.
The defenders of the Alamo include Anglo and Hispanic Texans who fought side by side under Mexican flags with the number "1824" superimposed. This is intended to show that defenders are fighting for their right to democratic government under the Mexican constitution that year. During their siege, the Texas Congress declared an independent Republic of Texas.
[Battle of the Alamo] took place from 23 February to 6 March 1836. Initially the battle was primarily a siege characterized by artillery duel and small battles. After twelve days Santa Anna, tired of waiting for her heavy artillery, determined to take the Alamo storm.
Before dawn on March 6, he launched his troops into the Alamo wall in three separate attacks. The third attack defeats the defensive wall of the weak north. The defenders retreated to the Long Barracks and Chapel, where they fought the last man. Most historians agree that a handful of defenders were arrested, but quickly executed as rebels on the special orders of Santa Anna. This "Martyrs to Texas Independence" death inspired greater resistance to the Santa Anna regime. The shout, "Remember the Alamo," became the gathering point of the Texas Revolution.
Aftermath
Texas won its independence at the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April.
Juan SeguÃÆ'n, who had set up a Tejanos company that fought and died at the Alamo, along with Sam Houston when it fell. Acting as a messenger from a besieged fort, he had sent a message from Travis to Houston, which forbade his return. SeguÃÆ'n will then gain fame for leading a Tejano volunteer company at the Battle of San Jacinto. After independence, he was elected to the Senate of Texas. He was later elected mayor of San Antonio. In 1842, he was forced out of the office at gunpoint by Anglo-American politicians. The next Hispanic who was elected mayor of the city was Henry Cisneros in 1981.
As the city of San Antonio has grown, the Alamo, which in 1836 was separated by the San Antonio River from the city center, has become an integral part of the modern city center. Alamo Plaza contains Cenotaph, a monument built to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the battle. It contains the names of all those known to have fought there on the Texas side. Since 2011, Alamo Trust, Inc., a non-profit 501 (c) 3, has become an official partner of the Texas Public Land Office in managing the Alamo complex. Surrounded by many hotels and tourist attractions, it is the famous landmark of San Antonio, featured in flags and city seals, and the most visited tourist attraction in the state. San Antonio is nicknamed "Alamo City." The annual Fiesta Week in April commemorates the Texian victory at San Jacinto.
Annexation of Texas by United States
In 1845, the United States annexed Texas (with its consent) and included it as a country in the Union. This, after some incitement by US forces along the Mexican border, led to the Mexican War between the United States and Mexico, which ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). Under this agreement Mexico handed over to the United States not only Texas but all that now is Southwest America, excluding a fraction of Arizona and New Mexico. The war destroyed San Antonio. In the end the city's population has declined by almost two-thirds, to 800 inhabitants.
Peace and economic relations with the United States restored prosperity to the city, and by 1860, at the beginning of the Civil War, San Antonio had grown into a city with 15,000 people. From the late 1840s and the period of the German revolution, many people immigrated to Texas from Germany. They tend to strongly oppose slavery because they are fighting for justice and freedom. The most successful German merchant in the city developed a house in the King William district, just south of the city center. Visitors hear German on the streets almost as often as English and Spanish. Germany created the beer and brewing industry in Texas. The Guenther Flour Mills, Chilean Powder Gebhardt, and Mahncke Park, are local institutions that remind the German heritage of San Antonio.
The Civil War and Texas postbellum
During the Civil War, San Antonio was not deeply involved in the cause of secession. Many inhabitants of the city, especially those of German, African and Mexican ethnicity, support the Union. After the war, they supported Republicans for decades, as well as the Populist Party, which brought together a multiracial political base in the late nineteenth century. After regaining power in the state legislature, the white Democrats passed a voting tax in 1901. This effectively deprived minority and white whites. With ethnic minorities and the lower classes of San Antonio and the Texas people unable to vote, Republicans lose their competitiveness in most parts of the state.
After the war, San Antonio prospered as a center of cattle culture. Anglo Americans study Spanish and Mexican techniques of herding cattle on horses, creating a new generation of cowboys. The main livestock route to drive stock to the market and railroads, including the Chisholm Trail, starts in San Antonio. Business promoter "Bet a Million" Gates chose San Antonio to show the value of barbed wire in livestock grazing. In 1876 he enclosed the Alamo Plaza with a new discovery and had a cowboy riding a flock of cattle into a wire. When the wire holds the livestock, many breeders are present immediately order new products. San Antonio is very important during the beginning and end of the open-range period in American farming culture.
During the postbellum period, San Antonio remains a border town. His isolation and his diverse cultures gave him a reputation for being an exotic place. When Frederick Law Olmsted, an architect who two years later designed Central Park in New York City, visited San Antonio in 1856, he described the city as "a collection of races, costumes, languages ​​and buildings," which gave him quality. , which only New Orleans can rival, "strange and ancient peculiarities". Many of the mystique that makes San Antonio a tourist destination has its origins in the uniqueness of the city.
In 1850, San Antonio became the largest city in Texas with 8,235 people, leading from Galveston. Backed by the construction of its first railroad in 1877, and the horrific storm that struck Galveston, San Antonio reappeared as the country's greatest city in 1900. It remained at the top position until 1930, when Dallas and Houston took over Alamo City. It connects the city to the main market and - the more - the mainstream of American society.
San Antonio is frequented by fighter and raiders in the Old West and is especially associated with Butch Cassidy, a member of Sundance Kid from Wild Bunch, who often uses Fannie Porter's brothel as a hideout.
Modern time
At the beginning of the 20th century, the streets of Downtown, the old town of Spain and Mexico, were widened to accommodate modern cars and street traffic. In the process many historic buildings were destroyed. These include Veramendi House, the home of the leading family in which Jim Bowie married when he came to town. Standing on the southwest side of the intersection of Houston and Soledad streets, this building is a large square built of adobe around the central courtyard in typical Mexican style. When the road was widened as high as 20 feet, the building was flattened.
Like many municipalities in Southwest America, San Antonio has a steady population growth since the late 20th century. The city population has almost doubled in 35 years, from over 650,000 in the 1970 census to about 1.2 million in 2005 through population growth, immigration, and land grabbing (greatly enlarging the physical area of ​​the city).
See also
- Acequia Madre de Valero
- San Antonio Sporting District
- IsleÃÆ' Â ± o
- San Antonio time line
References
Further reading
Edward Hungerford (1913), "Town of the Little Box", Personality of American Cities , New York: McBride, Nast & amp; Company < span> Ã,
External links
- San Antonio Mission: Spanish Influence in Texas, Teaching National Parks Service with Historic Sites (TwHP) lesson plans
- American Digital Public Library. Items associated with San Antonio, Texas, various dates
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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