Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook ; April 24, 1954) was a political activist and journalist convicted of murder and was sentenced to death in 1982 for murder in 1981 Police officer Philadelphia, Daniel Faulkner. After many appeals, his sentence was changed in 2011 to life imprisonment without parole.
As a supporter of the MOVE Organization, Abu-Jamal also became a member of the Black Panther Party until October 1970 but left the party and became a radio reporter, eventually becoming president of the Black Journalist Association of Philadelphia.
Some activists and human rights groups have criticized the quality of Abu-Jamal's trial; some claim that he is innocent, and many oppose his death sentence. The Faulkner family, public authorities, police organizations, and conservatives have maintained that Abu-Jamal's trial was fair, his faults undeniable, and the exact death penalty. He was portrayed in 2001 as "probably the world's most recognizable prisoner in prison" by The New York Times. During his term, Abu-Jamal has published books and comments on social and political issues, including > Live from Death Row (1995).
Video Mumia Abu-Jamal
Initial life and activism
He was born Wesley Cook in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he grew up. He has a younger brother named William. They attend a local public school.
In 1968, a high school teacher, a Kenyan who taught an African cultural class, encouraged students to take African or Arabic names (for Muslim traditions in West Africa) for classroom use and renamed it "Mumia". According to Abu-Jamal, "Mumia" means "Prince" and is the name of a Kenyan anti-colonial African nationalist who fought against Britain before Kenya's independence.
Prior to joining MOVE, Abu-Jamal was a reporter covering the organization.
When he joined MOVE, he said that he did it because of the love of the people in the organization. Rethinking later, she said she "might be angry too".
Maps Mumia Abu-Jamal
Marriage and family
Cook adopted the surname of Abu-Jamal ("Jamal's father" in Arabic) after the birth of his son Jamal on July 18, 1971. His first marriage at age 19, to Jamal's mother, Biba, was short-lived. Their daughter, Lateefa, was born shortly after the wedding. The couple is divorced.
Abu-Jamal married his second wife, Marilyn (known as "Peachie"), in 1977. Their son, Mazi, was born in early 1978. In 1981, Abu-Jamal lived with his third (and now) Wadiya wife.
Engagement with Black Panthers
In his own writings, Abu-Jamal describes his teenage experience as "kicked... into the Black Panther Party" after suffering beatings of "white racist" and a policeman for his attempts to harass George Wallace for Presidential rally in 1968 14, he helped form the Philadelphia branch of the Black Panther Party with Defense Captain Reggie Schell, and other Panthers. He was appointed as the "Lieutenant of Information" chapter, which is responsible for writing information and news communications. In an interview in his early years, Abu-Jamal quotes Mao Zedong, saying that "political power grows from the barrel of a gun". That same year, he left Benjamin Franklin High School and began living in a branch office.
He spent the late 1969 in New York City and early 1970 in Oakland, living and working with his BPP colleagues in those cities; the party was set up in Oakland. He was a member of the party from May 1969 to October 1970. During this period, he was subject to the supervision of the Federal Bureau of Investigation COINTELPRO, where the Philadelphia police worked together, from then until about 1974. The FBI worked to infiltrate the black radical group and to harass them by creating internal strife.
Education and journalism career
After leaving the Panthers, Abu-Jamal returned to his former high school. He was suspended for distributing literature calling for "black revolutionary student strength". He led a failed protest to rename the school to Malcolm X High. After earning his GED, he studied briefly at Goddard College in the Vermont countryside.
In 1975 Abu-Jamal was pursuing a call on a radio news broadcast, first at WRTI Temple University and later in a commercial company. In 1975, he worked on APA radio station and he hosted a weekly feature program at WCAU-FM in 1978. He also worked for a short time at WPEN radio station, and became active in the local chapter of the Ganja Users Association. America.
From 1979 to 1981 he worked at the National Public Radio (NPR) affiliate of WHYY; he was asked to resign, as management believed he did not maintain a sufficiently objective approach in his presentation of the news. As a radio journalist, Abu-Jamal is famous for identifying with and covering MOVE anarcho-primmitivist commune in the Powellton Village neighborhood of Philadelphia. He reported at the 1979-80 trial for some of his members ("MOVE Nine"), found guilty of murder of James Ramp police. Abu-Jamal has several high profile interviews, including with Julius Erving, Bob Marley, and Alex Haley. He was elected president of the Black Journalist Association of Philadelphia.
In December 1981, Abu-Jamal worked as a taxi driver in Philadelphia two nights a week to supplement his income. He has worked part-time as a reporter for WDAS, then an African and minority-oriented radio station.
Traffic stops
At 3:55 am on December 9, 1981, in Philadelphia, close to the intersection of 13th and Locust streets, Philadelphia Police Department officials Daniel Faulkner stopped traffic in a proprietary vehicle and were encouraged by William Cook, Abu's sister -Jamal. Faulkner and Cook are involved in a physical confrontation. During the traffic stop, Abu-Jamal, who was driving a taxi around him, watched the quarrel, parked, and ran across the street to Cook's car. Faulkner was shot from behind and face. He shot Abu-Jamal in his stomach. Faulkner died on the scene from a gunshot to his head.
Catching and testing
The police arrived and arrested Abu-Jamal, who was found wearing a shoulder holster. The gun, which has five cartridges, is next to it. Abu-Jamal was taken directly from the shoot to the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, where he received treatment for his wound. He was then taken to Police Headquarters where he was prosecuted and detained for trial in first-degree murder of Faulkner Officer.
Prosecution in court
Prosecutors filed four witnesses to court. Robert Chobert, a taxi driver who testified that he was parked behind Faulkner, identified Abu-Jamal as a shooter. Cynthia White, a prostitute, testified that Abu-Jamal emerged from the nearby parking lot and shot Faulkner. Michael Scanlan, a motorist, testified that from two cars away, he saw a man, who matched Abu-Jamal's description, ran across the street from the parking lot and shot Faulkner. Albert Magilton, a passerby who did not see the shooting, testified to see Faulkner pulling Cook's car. When Abu-Jamal began to cross the road toward them, Magilton turned and lost what happened next.
Prosecutors presented two witnesses who were in hospital after the shootings. Priscilla Durham hospital police and police officer Garry Bell testified that Abu-Jamal admitted to the hospital saying, "I shot the bastard, and I hope the bastard is dead."
Charter Arms.38, owned by Abu-Jamal, with five used cartridges taken next to him at the scene. She was wearing a shoulder holster. Anthony Paul, Superintendent of the Philadelphia Police Department's firearms identification unit, testified in the trial that cartridge cases and rifling gun characteristics were consistent with fragments of bullets taken from Faulkner's body. The test to confirm that Abu-Jamal had handled and fired the weapon was not done. Contact with the capture police and other surfaces at the scene may jeopardize the forensic value of such a test.
Defense case in court
The defense lawyer stated that Abu-Jamal was innocent and that prosecution witnesses were unreliable. The defense presented nine witnesses of character, including the poet Sonia Sanchez, who testified that Abu-Jamal was "seen by the black community as creative, articulate, peaceful, and friendly." Another witness, Dessie Hightower, testified that she saw a man running down the street shortly after the shooting, even though he did not see the actual shootings. His testimony contributed to the development of a "walking human theory", based on the possibility that the "man running" was probably a shooter. Veronica Jones also testified for the defense, but she did not see anyone running. Other potential defense witnesses refuse to be present in court. Abu-Jamal did not testify in his own defense, nor did his brother, William Cook, inform the investigators at the scene: "I have nothing to do with this."
Verdict and sentence
After three hours of consideration, the jury filed a unanimous verdict.
In the pilot phase, Abu-Jamal read to the jury a prepared statement. He cross-checked on issues relevant to his character's judgment by Joseph McGill, the prosecutor.
In his statement Abu-Jamal criticized his lawyer as a "legally trained lawyer" imposed on him of his will and who "knew he was inadequate for the task and chose to follow the direction of this black-robed conspirator, Albert Sabo, even if it meant neglecting my direction. "He claimed that his rights had been" cheated foolishly "from him by Sabo, especially focusing on the refusal of his request to receive defense assistance from non-lawyer John Africans and be prevented from proceeding pro . He quoted John Africa's statement, saying:
"Is it a matter of whether a white man is accused of murdering a black man or a black man accused of killing a white man? As for the justice when the prosecutor represents the Commonwealth, the Judge represents the Commonwealth and the court-appointed lawyer is paid and supported by the Commonwealth, the defendant, the man accused of a crime? If the court-appointed lawyer neglects, or contradicts the wishes of the man accused of representing, whom does he wish to follow? he actually represents or works for... I am not guilty of these allegations I have been accused and punished, and although silently Sabo, McGill, and Jackson denied me the so-called right to represent myself, for my chosen assistance, to personally select a veritable juror of mine, to examine cross- witnesses, and to make the opening and closing arguments, I am still innocent on these allegations. "
Abu-Jamal was sentenced to death by a unanimous decision of the jury. Amnesty International objected to the introduction by prosecuting statements from his youth at the time of the sentence. He also protested the politicization of the court, noting recent history in Philadelphia about police misuse and corruption including false evidence and excessive use of force. Amnesty International concluded "that the process used to punish and punish Mumia Abu-Jamal to death constitutes a violation of the international minimum standards governing fair trial procedures and the use of capital punishment."
Appeals and reviews
Country appeal
The immediate appeal of his belief was deemed and rejected by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court on March 6, 1989, which then rejected the rehearing. The United States Supreme Court rejected his application to write a letter certiorari on October 1, 1990, and refused his application for rehearing twice until June 10, 1991.
On June 1, 1995, Abu-Jamal's death certificate was signed by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge. His execution was suspended while Abu-Jamal pursued a post-state state review. At the post-punishment hearing, new witnesses are called. William "Dales" Singletary testified that he saw the shooting and that the gunman was a passenger in Cook's car. Singletary accounts contain differences that make it "not credible" according to court opinion. William Harmon, a convicted fraudster, testified that Faulkner's killer fled into a car that stopped at a crime scene, and could not have been Abu-Jamal. Robert Harkins testified that he had witnessed a man standing on Faulkner when the latter lay wounded on the ground, shooting at Faulkner's point on the face, and then "walking and sitting on the curb".
The six judges of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled unanimously that all the problems posed by Abu-Jamal, including ineffective claims for help advice, were unfounded. The United States Supreme Court rejected a request to certiorari against the ruling on October 4, 1999, allowing Ridge to sign a second death warrant on October 13, 1999. His execution in turn remained as Abu-Jamal initiated a federal study > habeas corpus .
In 1999, Arnold Beverly claimed that he and an unnamed assailant, not Mumia Abu-Jamal, shot Daniel Faulkner as part of the contract killings because Faulkner interfered with corruption and payments to corrupt police. The Beverly affidavit becomes a division item for the Mumia defense team. Some think it can be used and others refuse Beverly's story as "not credible".
Investigator George Newman stated in 2001 that Chobert had retracted his testimony. The commentator also noted that police and news photos from the scene did not show Chobert's taxi, and that Cynthia White, the only witness at the trial to testify to a cab, had previously given a description of the crime scene. Cynthia White was declared dead by the state of New Jersey in 1992, but Pamela Jenkins claimed that she saw White alive at the end of 1997. Mumia's supporters often claim that White is a police informant and that she falsified her testimony of Abu-Jamal..
Priscilla Durham's step-sister Kenneth Pate, who was jailed alongside Abu-Jamal on other charges, has since claimed that Durham admitted he had not heard the "hospital admission" he testified. Hospital doctors say that Abu-Jamal "almost fainted" when brought in and they did not hear any confession. In 2008, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected Abu-Jamal's further request for trial to a claim that the court witness swore alone, citing that he had been waiting too long before appealing.
On March 26, 2012, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected a re-appeal for retrial, based on a 2009 report by the National Academy of Sciences, that the forensic evidence filed by the claimant and accepted into evidence in the original court was unreliable. It was reported that this was the last punishment for an ex-convict.
On April 30, 2018, it was ordered that Abu-Jamal would not be immediately appealed and that the process should continue until August of that year. Philadelphia District Attorney Larry Krasner was also unable to find a document supporting the defense claim that former Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice and Philadelphia DA Ronald D. Castille showed bias in his judgment.
Directive that directs federal authorities
Abu-Jamal made no public statements about Faulkner's murder until May 2001. In his version, he claimed that he was sitting in a taxi across the street when he heard a shout, then saw a police vehicle, and heard gunfire. After seeing his brother appear disoriented across the street, Abu-Jamal ran to him from the parking lot and was shot by a police officer. Abu-Jamal's brother William Cook, who had been stopped by police officers, did not testify or make any remarks until April 29, 2001. At that point he said that he had not seen who shot Faulkner.
Judge William H. Yohn, Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania upheld the conviction but emptied the death penalty on December 18, 2001, citing irregularities in the original proceedings of the sentence. Specifically, he says it
"... the jury's instructions and decisions in this case involve unreasonable application of federal law.The form of demands and verdicts creates a plausible possibility that the jury believes that it is prevented from considering any unexplained circumstances that have not yet been unanimously found to exist. ". "
He ordered the State of Pennsylvania to begin a new judicial process within 180 days
He decided that it was unconstitutional to require that a jury unanimously in his findings about circumstances that reduced the sentence of death. Eliot Grossman and Marlene Kamish, a lawyer for Abu-Jamal, criticized the decision on the grounds that it rejected the possibility of a de novo trial where they could introduce evidence that their client had been framed. The prosecutor also criticized the ruling; Widow of Faulkner Officer Maureen describes Abu-Jamal as "a hateful and hateful killer" who will be "allowed to enjoy the pleasures that come from life" on the basis of judgment. Both parties appealed.
Federal Appeal
On 6 December 2005, the Third Circuit Court acknowledged four issues to appeal against the District Court's decision:
- in relation to the punishment, whether the form of the jury's decision has been defective and the judge's instructions to the jury have been confusing;
- in relation to conviction and punishment, does the racial bias in the jury selection exist to the extent that it tends to produce an inherently biased judge and therefore an unjust trial (Batson's claims);
- in relation to beliefs, whether the prosecutor should unduly attempt to reduce the jury's sense of responsibility by telling them that the guilty verdict will be reviewed and subject to appeal; and
- in relation to the post-sentencing hearing in 1995-6, did the presiding judge, who also presided over the trial, exhibit an unacceptable bias in his behavior.
The Third Circuit Court heard the oral argument in an appeal on May 17, 2007, at the United States Courthouse in Philadelphia. The panel of appeals consisted of Chief Justice Anthony Joseph Scirica, Judge Thomas Ambro, and Judge Robert Cowen. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sought to return the death penalty, on the grounds that John's verdict was flawed, because he had to be postponed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court that had decided on the matter of punishment, and Batson The claim was invalid because Abu-Jamal made no complaints during the selection of the original jury. Although Abu-Jamal's jury was racially mixed, with 2 blacks and 10 whites at the time of his unanimous conviction, his advice told the Third Circuit Court that Abu-Jamal did not get a fair trial because the jury was racially, misinformed, and judged it's racist. He noted that prosecutors used eleven of the fourteen challenges to be taken to eliminate potential black jurors. Terri Maurer-Carter, a former Philadelphia court stenographer, claimed in a 2001 letter almost 20 years after the hearing he heard Judge Sabo say "Yes, and I will help them fry niggers" in a conversation with three people attending to Abu-Jamal's case. Sabo has denied making such comments.
On March 27, 2008, a panel of three judges issued a 2-1 majority opinion in favor of John's 2001 opinion but refused the bias and Batson's claims, with Judge Ambro disagreeing on Batson's problem. On July 22, 2008, Abu-Jamal's official petition requesting a review of the decision by the Third Control panel of 12 judges was rejected. On April 6, 2009, the United States Supreme Court also refused to hear Abu-Jamal's call, allowing his conviction to stand.
On January 19, 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the appeals court to reconsider its decision to cancel the death penalty, with a panel of three similar judges convening in Philadelphia on November 9, 2010, to listen to oral arguments. On April 26, 2011, the Third Circuit Court of Appeal reaffirmed its earlier decision to empty the death penalty on the grounds that the judge's instructions and the judge's verdict were ambiguous and confusing. The Supreme Court refused to hear the case in October.
Death penalty dropped
On December 7, 2011, Philadelphia District Attorney R. Seth Williams announced that the prosecutor, with the support of the victim's family, would no longer seek death sentence for Abu-Jamal. Widow Faulkner said that she did not want to revive another trial trauma. He understood that it would be very difficult to file a case against Abu-Jamal again, after 30 years had passed and the death of several key witnesses. Williams, the prosecutor, said that Abu-Jamal would spend the rest of his life in prison without the possibility of parole, a sentence reaffirmed by the Pennsylvania High Court on July 9, 2013. After a press conference, Maureen Faulkner made a statement condemning Abu-Jamal:
I want to say that I believe that the lowest dimension of hell has been reserved for child molesters and unconverted murderers, like Mumia Abu-Jamal. After thirty years of waiting, the time left before Abu-Jamal stood before his last judge. It does not seem too much like it used to be when I was young. I look forward to that day so that I can finally close the chapter of my life and live with the gratuities and convictions that Mumia Abu-Jamal will finally receive the proper punishment, for ever.
Life as a prisoner
In 1991 Abu-Jamal published an essay in the Yale Law Journal, about the death penalty and the experience of his death sentence. In May 1994, Abu-Jamal was involved in the National Public Radio Program All Things Considered to deliver a series of three-minute monthly remarks on crime and punishment. Broadcast plans and commercial arrangements were canceled after criticism, among others, the Order of the Brotherhood Police and US Senator Bob Dole (Republican of Kansas). Abu-Jamal sued NPR for not broadcasting his work, but the federal judge dismissed the lawsuit. His comments were then published in May 1995 as part of Live from Death Row.
In 1999, Abu-Jamal was invited to record a keynote address for a graduation class at Evergreen State College in Washington State. The event was protested by several people. In 2000, he recorded the starting address for Antioch College. The now defunct New College of California Law School gave him the title of honor "for his fight against the death penalty." On October 5, 2014, he gave a preliminary speech at Goddard College, through a recording playback. As before, Abu-Jamal's choice is controversial.
With the occasional annoyance of imprisonment, Abu-Jamal has for many years been a regular commentator on online broadcasting, sponsored by Prison Radio. He was also published as a regular columnist for Junge Welt, a Marxist newspaper in Germany. For nearly a decade, Abu-Jamal taught Georgis's introductory courses of economics to other prisoners around the world through correspondence.
His publications include Death Blossoms: Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience , in which he explores religious themes; All It's Censored , political critics examining crime and punishment issues; Live From Death Row, diary of life in the death row of Pennsylvania; and We Want Freedom: A Life at a Black Panther Party, the history of the Black Panthers depicting autobiographical material.
In 1995, Abu-Jamal was sentenced to solitary confinement for engaging in entrepreneurship as opposed to prison rules. After the filming of the 1996 HBO documentary Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case For Reasonable Mind, which included a recording of a visiting interview conducted with him, the Pennsylvania Police Department acted to ban outsiders using recording equipment in state prisons part. In court before the US Court of Appeals, in 1998 he succeeded in establishing his right to write for financial gain in prison. The same litigation also stipulates that the Pennsylvania Department of Control has illegally opened his letter in an attempt to determine whether he writes for financial gain.
When, for a short time in August 1999, he began sending his radio comments directly on Democracy Now! Sunday's news network magazine, prison staff severed the phone's cable cord from installation in mid-performance. He was then allowed to continue his broadcast, and hundreds of his broadcasts had aired on Pacifica Radio.
At the end of January 2012, Abu-Jamal was released to the public prison at Mahanoy State Penitentiary. She suffered from diabetic shock on March 30, 2015 and has been diagnosed with active hepatitis C. In August 2015, his lawyer filed a lawsuit in the US District Court for the Central District of Pennsylvania, alleging that he had not received proper medical treatment to be serious. health condition.
Popular support and opposition
Labor unions, politicians, lawyers, educators, the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, and human rights advocacy organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have expressed concern about the impartiality of the Abu-Jamal trial. Amnesty International does not take a position on Abu-Jamal's mistake or innocence or classify him as a political prisoner. They were opposed by the family of Daniel Faulkner, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the City of Philadelphia, the politicians, and the Order of the Brotherhood Police. In August 1999, the Brotherhood Police Order called for an economic boycott of all individuals and organizations that supported Abu-Jamal.
Abu-Jamal has been an honorary citizen of about 25 cities around the world, including Montreal, Palermo, and Paris.
In 2001, he received the sixth anniversary of the sixth Erich MÃÆ'¼hsam, named after an anarcho-communist essay, who recognized activism as his name. In October 2002, he was appointed honorary member of the German political organization, Society of Persons Persecuted by the Nazi Regime - Anti-Fascist Federation (VVN-BdA)
On 29 April 2006, a new paved road on the outskirts of Paris Saint-Denis was named Rue Mumia Abu-Jamal in his honor. In protest of road naming, US Congressman Michael Fitzpatrick and Senator Rick Santorum, both members of the Pennsylvania Republican Party, introduced a resolution at both councils condemning the decision. House of Representatives voted 368-31 in favor of Fitzpatrick's resolution. In December 2006, the 25th anniversary of the assassination, the Republican executive committee for Philadelphia's 59th Ward - which includes about Germantown, Philadelphia - filed two criminal complaints in the French legal system against Paris. and the town of Saint-Denis, accused the municipality of "glorifying" Abu-Jamal and accusing the violation of "apology or rejection of evil" in connection with their actions.
In 2007, the widow of Faulkner Officer wrote a book with Philadelphia radio journalist Michael Smerconish entitled Killed by Mumia: Life Punishment from Pain, Loss, and Injustice. This book is part of the history of Faulkner's widow, the discussion section where they recorded Abu-Jamal's temptations and discussed evidence for his beliefs, and parted ways to support the death penalty.
In early 2014, President Barack Obama was nominated by Debo Adegbile, a former lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) who worked on the Abu-Jamal case, to head the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department, but his candidacy was rejected by the US Senate on the basis of bipartisan because of previous public support from Abu-Jamal by Adegbile.
On April 10, 2015 Marylin Zuniga, a teacher at Forest Street Elementary School in Orange, New Jersey, was suspended without pay after asking her students to write to Abu-Jamal, who fell ill in prison for complications from diabetes, without the consent of the school or parents. Some parents and police leaders condemned his actions. On the other hand, community members, parents, teachers, and professors expressed their support and condemned Zuniga's suspension. Scholars and educators across the country including Noam Chomsky, Chris Hedges and Cornel West among others signed a letter calling for his immediate reinstatement. On May 13, 2015 the Council of the Orange Academy prepares to elect Marylin Zuniga after hearing from him and some of his supporters.
Writing
- Is Black Life Ever Troubled? City Lights Publishers, (2017) ISBNÃ, 9780872867383
- Wallpaper: Selected Prison from Mumia Abu-Jamal City Lamp Publishers (2015) ISBN: 978-0872866751
- Classroom and Cell: Conversations about Black Life in America Third World Press (2011) ISBNÃ, 978-0883783375
- Jailhouse Lawyer: Prisoner Defending Prisoner V. The U.S.A Publisher of City Lights (2009) ISBN 978-0872864696
- We Want Freedom: Life at Black Panther Party South End Press (2008) ISBNÃ, 978-0896087187
- Our Father-Father Faith: Spiritual Examination of Africans and African-Americans Africa World Pr (2003) ISBN 978-1592210190
- All It Is Censored Seven Stories Press (2000) ISBN: 978-1583220221
- Death Blossoms: Reflections Of A Prisoner Of Conscience Plow Publishing House (1997) ISBNÃ, 978-0874860863
- Live from Death Row Harper Perennial (1996) ISBN: 978-0380727667
See also
- In My Whole Life Prison Ã, - 2008 documentary
- List of inmates of death penalty in the United States
References
External links
- Mumia Abu-Jamal in IMDb
Video
- video of 1996 interviews of death interviews with Mummy Abu-Jamal
- Competing Movies Offer Different Views - video reports by Democracy Now!
- Mumia: Long Distance Revolutionary - documentary 2012
Support website
- Free Mumia Abu-Jamal Coalition (New York City)
- Journalist for Mumia
Counterfeit Websites
- Brotherhood news, press releases, and communications related to Mummy Abu-Jamal
- Daniel Faulkner
- Justice for Daniel Faulkner
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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