Ruby Jackson was born Ruby Jackson (August 31, 1909 - May 23, 1992), was a rich married African-American woman in Live Oak, Florida was arrested and convicted in 1952 for killing a famous white doctor and state senator. He was not allowed to testify during the trial that he had repeatedly raped her, and forced her to give birth to her children.
McCollum was tried and convicted in Live Oak, Florida that year for the murder. C. Leroy Adams, and sentenced to death. This sensational case is widely covered in the US press, as well as by international papers, but McCollum is covered by a silencing order. His case was appealed and annulled by the State Supreme Court. Before the second trial, McCollum was examined and found mentally incompetent to stand trial. He is committed to a state mental hospital in Chattahoochee, Florida. In 1974, his lawyer, Frank Cannon, obtained his release under Baker's Law, because he was not considered to be endangering himself or others.
In the 21st century, McCollum and his case have received new attention, with new books and four documentaries exploring issues of race, class, sexual violence, gender and corruption in local politics. In the long run, the McCollum case is considered an important trial in the civil rights struggle because he was the first black woman to testify against sexual abuse and the father of a white child against their child. This is thought to have helped to change attitudes about "companion rights" practices by powerful people. McCollum's lawyer, Releford McGriff, was part of a team that worked to change Jim Crow's practice in Florida in selecting all white male jurors. (Blacks are still deprived of their rights at that time and therefore are not eligible to be judges, which are limited to voters.)
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Ruby Jackson was born in 1909 to Gertrude and William Jackson in Zuber, Florida. He is the second child and the first daughter of six siblings. They attend separate local schools. Ruby's parents recognized her intelligence and sent her to a private school, the Fessenden Academy, where she excelled in bookkeeping.
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Marriage and family
In 1931 Ruby Jackson married Sam McCollum, and they moved to Nyack, New York, as part of the Great Migration of rural blacks from the South in the early 20th century. For several years they lived there, he had a son, Sam, Jr.
In 1934, the couple moved to the area of ​​Fort Myers, Florida. Sam's brother, Buck McCollum, has amassed a fortune in managing Bolita's gambling business. Sam plunged into business with him and was reportedly a player in gambling and beverage sales in North Florida. This is illegal in the area, but is growing due to payments to local law enforcement. The McCollums also sells a funeral policy and has a local funeral home. In the 1940s and early 1950s, McCollums was reported to have "accumulated wealth."
Sam and Ruby had a "big house, two floors," in Live Oak, Florida, a small town of 4,000 people, which they had gotten from an earlier bolita operator in the county when he ran out of town. Ruby McCollum drives a new Chrysler car every year. McCollums has several "jooks," serving illegal liquor, collecting money from juke boxes, and owning a farm out of town with the largest tobacco quota in Florida. The McCollums also own a farm near Lake City, where Sam is piling up fields with quails to hunt with his precious pet dogs. Ruby McCollum is described as the richest black woman in town. These couples are considered financially and well-respected in society, where they contribute freely to their church. Their eldest son and son, Sam Jr., had started college at UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) in 1952.
The couple raised four children together: Sam, Jr., Sonja, Kay, and Loretta. McCollum later said that the youngest, Loretta, was his biracial son. C. Leroy Adams.
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Florida is a separate country where blacks have essentially lost their rights since the turn of the century amid the passing of the constitution and the laws that impose voting taxes, literacy tests, and other means of creating barriers to voter registration and suppressing a black vote. The exclusion of voting means that African-Americans can not serve jurors, and they are generally excluded from any political office. The white Democrat-dominated state legislature after the Reconstruction has passed laws to create legal segregation and Jim Crow. African-Americans are kept in second-class status until in the mid-1960s civil rights laws after decades of activism and support from the national Democratic Party led by President Lyndon Johnson.
The white male power relationships that take the sexual advantage of black women have a long history associated with slavery, when many slave girls are forced to serve as concubines or occasionally liaising. From the late seventeenth century, Virginia and other colonies established the law that the children of slave mothers were born into slavery, regardless of their father, under the principle of partiter sequitur ventrem. The assumption that strong white men can take black women as sexual partners, irrespective of their desires or social status, continues to underlie many of the relations of the 20th century. This is called "companion right" at the time of the hearing.
Dr. C. Leroy Adams has a reputation as a "good and popular doctor who takes care of people in need." In 1952 he was elected to the state senate. His colleague, Dr. Dillard Workman, campaigned for him. Adams is considered to have a potential political future as governor. Workers were doctors Ruby McCollum when she was pregnant with Adams's son. He performed an autopsy at Adams and testified about McCollum's honesty during his trial.
Take a photo of Dr. C. Leroy Adams
On August 3, 1952, Ruby McCollum met Dr. C. Leroy Adams, a white doctor and state senator, in his office in Live Oak, Florida. He drove there with his two small children in the car. He then admits that he shot him four times with a pistol, after which he will not agree to leave her alone. She said that for several years, she repeatedly forced her to submit to sex and to give birth to her child. He says that his two-year-old daughter, Loretta, is his.
In the notes and letters, McCollum said that Adams had tortured him, and that he was pregnant with another child when he killed him. She also said that Adams took part in her husband's "illegal gambling operation" Sam. An employee at the doctor's office later explained that the doctor received "a large cash shipment in the examination room."
McCollum was arrested and taken to a state prison 50 miles away. It is temporary and for its protection, according to contemporary reports.
Her husband, Sam, died a day after she was arrested for a heart attack in Zuber, Florida, where she brought her children to be secured with Ruby's mother. Zora Neale Hurston, a black anthropologist and author on the Pittsburgh Courier assignment, was the first to report a trial for a newspaper outside Florida. He was asked to sit upstairs in a separate courtroom gallery. There is a possibility of Ku Klux Klan members attending the trial. His coverage helped McCollum gain national and even international readership.
First trial
McCollum was defended by Frank Cannon, a District Attorney from Jacksonville, Florida. The case was tried by state lawyer Keith Black, and headed by a Third Circuit Court judge in Florida, Judge Hal W. Adams. (He is not related to a doctor, but has been an honorary bearer at his funeral). It was an all-white jury, made up only of men, some of whom were Dr. Adams. (Because blacks are deprived of their rights and are generally unregistered to vote, they are not eligible for jury pools.)
McCollum testified that Adams had imposed sex on him, that they had sex at his home and in his office (located just across the street from the courthouse), and that he insisted that he gave birth to his son. The court prevented her defender from presenting more complete information about their relationship. All Cannon's attempts to introduce the doctor's pattern of physical abuse repeatedly in his office were rejected by the prosecutor and upheld by the judge. He was only allowed to testify about the events on the day of the murder. He said that Adams had hit him repeatedly that day and they were fighting. Basically McCollum was silenced in court about additional testimony that would establish a mitigating state. According to Zora Neale Hurston, who reported at the hearing to Pittsburgh Courier:
"Ruby was allowed to describe how, around 1948, during the absence of her extended husband, she, in her home, was handed over to a doctor.He was allowed to declare that her youngest son was her child.But thirty-eight times Frank Cannon attempted to proceed from this point , thirty-eight times he tried to create an opportunity for Ruby to tell the whole story and thus explain what his motives, thirty-eight times the State objected, and thirty-eight times Judge Adams backed these objections. "
The judge also imposed a silencing order on McCollum, prevented the press from interviewing him, and prevented lawyers from chance to determine whether talking to the press would benefit him.
Hurston wrote that defense lawyer Frank Cannon was frustrated by a court that upheld the state prosecutor's charges against most of the evidence he was trying to introduce about McCollum's relationship with Dr. Adams, turning to the judge and saying, "May God forgive you, Judge Adams, to rob people of life in that way." While written by Hurston, and quoted by Huie, there is no record of statements in the trial transcript. Hurston reports that Thelma Curry, a witness, was ordered to leave the witness stand and return to his place of origin. This does not appear in the trial transcript.
Prosecutors said that McCollum had shot Adams out of anger over the disputed bill, an account supported by three witnesses during the trial. McCollum testified that he had discussed the bill with Adams that day, but stated that he fired a doctor to defend himself when he attacked him. The prosecutor's office questioned this, suggesting that Adams weighed 100 pounds more than Ruby McCollum and all the shots were released onto his back. Live Oak residents know that McCollum is a wealthy woman, and she and her husband are known to pay their bills immediately.
McCollum was convicted by a first-rate murder jury on December 20, 1952. He was sentenced to death in an electric chair.
The case was filed. During that period before the appeal was decided, McCollum was detained in the Suwannee County Prison. His conviction and death sentence were technically overturned by the Florida Supreme Court on July 20, 1954. The court quoted Judge Hal W. Adams, the presiding judge, for failing to appear at the jury examination of the crime scene.
Second experiment
Concerned about his mental health, defense lawyer Frank Cannon arranged for McCollum to be checked in a county jail, where he was held for about two years. In the second trial, he submitted a request for insanity. After receiving the results of the McCollum examination by a court-appointed doctor, including Dr. Adams Dr Dillard Workman, state lawyer Randall Slaughter approved the request. McCollum was declared mentally incompetent to stand trial. She is committed to Florida State Hospital for mental patients in Chattahoochee, Florida. He was held there until 1974, when his lawyer, Frank Cannon, successfully filed for his release under the recently-enacted Florida Baker Act. This allows the release of mental patients who are not rated as a threat to themselves or society.
Coverage
There was a wide range of trials, but the judge placed McCollum under a gag order. The press was never allowed to interview McCollum. Ellis, remembering the trial in his hometown, emphasized that McCollum's isolation from the press was done less to cover the affair between McCollum and Adams, who had already made gossip circuits in the city, rather than hiding illegal transactions between whites and blacks in gambling-related communities and liquor. The IRS is in town to collect taxes on unreported gambling and liquor sales. Ellis writes that attempts to silence McCollum proved in the long run did not work at all. After the publication of an annotated transcript of the trial, McCollum and his case have been the subject of numerous books and documentaries published since he released an annotated transcript of the proceedings.
The famous African-American writer Zora Neale Hurston covered the trial for the Pittsburgh Courier from the fall of 1952 through Ruby McCollum's conviction before Christmas that year. She was forced to sit in a separate second floor gallery in the courtroom. From January to March 1953, The Courier published the Hurston series, "The Life Story of Ruby McCollum."
Hurston, who could not attend a second appeal or trial for financial reasons, contacted journalist William Bradford Huie to draw his attention in this case. They have worked together before and he has taken controversial cases. He shared his notes from the first trial and corresponded with him to provide additional information. He also asked for the bus fare to attend the trial, but Huie did not respond.
Huie investigated the story and, after attending the second appeal and trial, published Ruby McCollum: The Woman in Suwannee Prison (1956). This book became a bestseller. Huie asked the publisher not to distribute the book in Florida because of the ongoing legal issues there. Huie's book also discussed his attempts to counter Judge Adams's silencing order on the press. He posed the challenge of the First Amendment, claiming press freedom to speak with the defendant, but was unsuccessful in his lawsuit.
At one point, Judge Adams accused Huie of insulting the court for trying to influence Dr. Fernay, a witness who is scheduled to testify about the fairness of McCollum. The journalist spent the night in jail for not paying the fines the judge dropped on insulting charges. During that period, Huie met the director, Elia Kazan. In 1960 they discussed Kazan directed a film to be adapted from Huie's book and titled The Ruby McCollum Story. While other films based on Huie's book were produced in the 1960s and then, nothing was made from his book. explanation of the story of Ruby McCollum.
Huie said in her latest issue, the fourth edition of her work (1964) that she was denied admission to the Florida State Mental Hospital in Chattahoochee, Florida where Ruby McCollum was held. Jet Magazine reporters visited Ruby McCollum there in 1958 and published their interview with him. Huie never interviewed McCollum.
The year later and death
In 1974, attorney Frank Cannon, who was his chief lawyer during the 1952 murder trial, visited McCollum at a mental hospital. Without asking for legal fees, he filed legal letters to release him under Baker's Law, enabling mental patients who are considered harmless to be released into their families. His initial commitment was because he was found incompetent mentally to stand trial.
McCollum lived after his release at a resting house in Silver Springs, Florida, funded by a trust founded by writer William Bradford Huie. He has paid $ 40,000 for film rights for features he hopes to have adapted from his book on the case, Ruby McCollum: Women in Suwannee Prison (1964, 4th ed.).
McCollum did see his children again. But, Sam Jr. following his father into gambling, and in 1975 was convicted in federal court over 10 allegations of gambling. He lives in the McCollum house, from which the FBI seized $ 250,000. They then returned most of it to him, after the IRS withdrew the appropriate taxes and penalties. The girls of McCollum, Sonja and Kay, both married and lived in Ocala, Florida. Kay Hope died in a car accident in 1978 and Sonja Wood died of a heart attack in 1979.
In November 1980, Al Lee of Ocala Star Banner interviewed McCollum at another home in Silver Springs. Lee writes that McCollum has no memory of his ordeal. He reported that the psychiatrist said that he may be suffering from Ganser syndrome, or the suppression of painful memories. In those years, the State Mental Hospital in Chattahoochee was investigated more than once for patient care issues, excessive drug use including thorazine, and the provision of electrical shock therapy, which can affect memory.
On May 23, 1992, at 4:45 am, McCollum died of a stroke at the New Horizon Rehabilitation Center, at the age of eighty-two. His brother, Matt Jackson, had died less than a year earlier. The family arranged for him to be buried beside him and his wife in the cemetery behind Hopewell Baptist Church in Live Oak. His name was spelled in his death certificate as "Ruby McCollumn".
Aftermath
This case haunts people, partly because of Judge Adams's silencing orders. The commentators believe that silence is to keep the white and secret supremacy of the ruling, which includes white participation in the illegal bolita operation of Sam McCollum where untaxed money is used to finance many businesses in the city. When Judge Adams strengthened the prosecutor's objections during the trial, Cannon's defense attorney was prevented from introducing most of the evidence relating to Adams's sexual harassment of McCollum. She was allowed, however, to testify forced to have baby Adams. This is the first time a black woman testifies about a white father's father about his son and other circumstances of his defense. This proves the trial as an important case, since no other black woman shot and killed a white man who was ever allowed to testify in his own defense.
In the 21st century, new non-fiction and fiction books continue to be published about McCollum and his case.
C. Arthur Ellis, Jr. published a transcript that was compiled and edited from the trial in 2003, with a revised edition in 2007. His related comments illustrate the importance of this trial in the history of Civil Rights as the first time that an African-American woman testified in court against a white man to say that she has imposed sex on him, and testified to his son's father. Until now, Ellis noted, African-American women were not given protection under the law to be raped by a white man. Ellis says he published the transcript because many scholars have been wrong to say that McCollum did not testify at his trial; they have noted that the court supports most objections from the prosecution to bear testimony of a cruel relationship. A 2014 episode of Investigation Discovery shows A Crime to Remember , "The Shot Doctor," perpetuating this error.
In an annotated edition, Ellis explores the fabric of personal and professional relationships among prominent figures in cases and trials. He notes that the 20th and early 20th century professional standards associated with a conflict of interest are likely to classify certain characters who have violated those standards. For example, he notes that Dr. Dillard Workman is Adams's medical partner. He treated McCollum for his son's prenatal care by Adams. Workers have campaigned for Adams in state senatorial competitions. He was assigned to perform an Adams autopsy and testify about it during the murder trial of his patient, McCollum, the defendant. In addition, at the second trial of McCollum, he testified as an expert witness for his sanity. He is likely to be considered today to violate his obligations to him as his patient in this action. In addition, the judge presiding over the trial was a bearer at the cemetery. Adams.
In 2006, Tammy Evans published The Silencing of Ruby McCollum: Race, Classroom, and Gender in the South through University Press of Florida. The reviewer Elizabeth Boyd wrote, "Evil crime fits only with the evasion that characterizes its consequences, and these are these collective denials on the part of the Live Oak people, white and black - that is the true subject of the book."
Evans focused on the silencing of the town of Ruby McCollum, by forbidding him to speak to the press, freeing white people to create "cover stories." Ellis also argues that the silence in the city is against the "outsider" for fear of the IRS, whose agents are exploring the city to uncover a secret gambling income whose tax has not been paid. Ellis also points out that Ruby McCollum's "cover story" that killed Dr. Adams over the doctor's bills due to McCollum and Adams actually debated the bill at the time the murder took place. Witnesses to the argument bear witness to the argument, which leads to the assumption that the murder was due to an argument.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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