Clarence Seward Darrow (April 18, 1857 - March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer, a prominent member of the American Civil Liberties Union, and a leading advocate for Georgist economic reform. He defended high-profile clients in many famous trials early in the 20th century, including teenage sensation killers Leopold and Loeb for killing 14-year-old Robert Bobby, Franks (1924); teacher John T. Scopes in Scopes "Monkey" Trial (1925), in which he opposes statesman and orator William Jennings Bryan; and Ossian Sweet in the case of a racially defended defense (1926). Referred to as "sophisticated state lawyer", Darrow's intelligence and eloquence makes him one of the country's most famous lawyers and libertarians.
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Clarence Darrow was born in the small town of Kinsman, Ohio, on April 18, 1857, the fifth son of Amirus and Emily Darrow (nÃÆ' Â © e Eddy). Both the Darrows and Eddies had strong roots in New England colonialism, and some of Darrow's ancestors served in the American Revolution. Darrow's father was a zealous abolitionist and a great iconoclast and religious religious thinker. He is known throughout the city as "kafir desa". Emily Darrow is an early supporter of women's suffrage and women's rights advocate.
The young Clarence attended Allegheny College and the University of Michigan Law School, but did not graduate from one of the institutions. He attended Allegheny College just a year before the Panic of 1873 attacked, and Darrow was determined not to be a financial burden to his father anymore. For the next three years he taught in winter at a district school in a community community. While teaching, Darrow began studying his own laws, and by the end of his third year of teaching, his family urged him to enter the legal department in Ann Arbor. Darrow only studied there a year when he decided that it would be far more cost-effective to work and study in an actual law firm. When she felt that she was ready, she took her exam test in Ohio and graduated. He was accepted in the Ohio bar in 1878. The Clarence Darrow Octagon House, his childhood home in Kinsman, contains warnings for him.
Marriage and children
Darrow married Jessie Ohl in April 1880. They had one son, Paul Edward Darrow, in 1883. They divorced in 1897. Darrow later married Ruby Hammerstrom, a journalist 16 years younger, in 1903. They had no children.
Maps Clarence Darrow
Legal career
Darrow opened his first small law firm in Andover, Ohio, a small farming town, just ten miles from Kinsman. Not having much experience, he started slowly and gradually built his career by dealing with day-to-day complaints and the problems of the agricultural community. After two years Darrow felt he was ready to take new and different cases and move his practice to Ashtabula, Ohio, which has a population of 5,000 and is the largest city in the area. There he was involved in Democratic Party politics and served as city counselor.
In 1880, he married Jessie Ohl, and eight years later he moved to Chicago with his wife and son, Paul. He did not have much business when he first moved to Chicago, and spent as little as possible. He joined the Henry George Club and made some friends and connections in the city. Being part of the club also gave him the opportunity to speak for the Democrats in the upcoming elections. He slowly makes a name for himself through these speeches, finally getting up to speak in whatever hall he likes. He was offered a job as a lawyer for the city of Chicago. Darrow worked in the city's law department for two years when he resigned and took a position as a lawyer on the Chicago and North-Western Railway Company. In 1894, Darrow represented Eugene V. Debs, leader of the American Railway Union, charged by the federal government for leading Pullman Strike in 1894. Darrow broke with the train to represent Debs, making financial sacrifices. She rescued Deb in one trial but could not prevent her being jailed elsewhere.
Also in 1894, Darrow took the first murder case of his career, defending Patrick Eugene Prendergast, a "mental mad dodeman" who had confessed to killing the mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, the "insane defense" of Sr. Darrow failed and Prendergast executed the same. year. Among the fifty pleadings in murder throughout his entire career, the Prendergast case would prove to be the only one that resulted in the execution, although Darrow did not join the defense team until after Prendergast's conviction and punishment, in an attempt to save him. snares.
From a company lawyer to a labor lawyer
Darrow soon became one of America's leading labor lawyers. He helped organize the Populis Party in Illinois and then ran for the US Congress as Democrat in 1895 but lost to Hugh R. Belknap. In 1897, her marriage to Jessie Ohl ended in a divorce. He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898 against the United States annexation in the Philippines. He represented Wisconsin woodworkers in the famous case at Oshkosh in 1898 and United Mine Workers in Pennsylvania in a large anthracite coal strike in 1902. He played with the idea of ​​nominating the mayor of Chicago in 1903 but ultimately decided against it. The following year, in July, Darrow married Ruby Hammerstrom, a young Chicago journalist. His former mentor, Governor John Peter Altgeld, joined the Darrow company following the Chicago mayor's defeat in 1899 and worked with Darrow until his death in 1902.
From 1906 to 1908, Darrow represented the leaders of the Western Federation of William Haywood's "Great Bill" Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone when they were arrested and accused of conspiring to kill former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg in 1905. After a series of trials, Haywood and Pettibone found not guilty and allegations against Moyer canceled.
In 1911, the American Labor Federation (AFL) asked Darrow to defend McNamara's brothers, John and James, who were accused of bombing Los Angeles on October 1, 1910, during a fierce battle. above an open-air store in Southern California. The bomb was placed in an alley behind the building, and although the explosion itself did not degrade the building, the bomb sparked an ink barrel nearby and the main line of natural gas. In the next fire, 20 people were killed. The AFL calls on local, state, regional and national unions to contribute 25 cents per capita to defense funds, and establish defense committees in major cities across the country to receive donations.
In the weeks before the jury sat, Darrow became increasingly concerned about the outcome of the trial and began negotiations for bargaining pleas to save the lives of the defendants. During the weekend of 19-20 November 1911, he discussed with pro-labor journalist Lincoln Steffens and publisher of E.W. Scripps is likely reaching out to Times about the terms of the defense agreement. The prosecutor has his own demands, however, including a plea of ​​guilt in an open court and a longer sentence than the proposed defense.
Defense position weakened when, on November 28, Darrow was accused of masterminding to bribe the jurors. The jury reported the offer to the police, who set up a sting and watched the chief of the defense team's investigator, Bert Franklin, deliver $ 4,000 to the jury two blocks away from Darrow's office. After making the payment, Franklin walked a block to Darrow's office before being arrested right in front of Darrow himself, who had just walked into the intersection after receiving a phone call in his office. With Darrow himself on the verge of being discredited, the defense expectations for a simple appointment end. On December 1, 1911, the brothers of McNamara changed their plea to be guilty, in open court. Darrow's bidding suit helped set up John's fifteen-year-old and James's lifelong jail. Despite keeping the brothers dead, Darrow was accused by many of the people in organized work of selling the movement.
Two months later, Darrow was charged with two charges of trying to bribe the jurors in both cases. He faced two long trials. The first, defended by Earl Rogers, he was released. Rogers fell ill during the second trial and rarely came to court. Darrow served as his own lawyer for the rest of the trial, ending with a hanged jury. A deal was made in which the district attorney agreed not to try Darrow again if he promised not to do law again in California. Darrow's early writers Irving Stone and Arthur and Lila Weinberg confirmed that he was not involved in a bribery conspiracy, but more recently, Geoffrey Cowan and John A. Farrell, with the help of new evidence, concluded that he was almost certain. In Earl Rogers biography by his daughter, Adela, he writes, "I have never doubted, even before one of my father's personal conversations with Darrow included a plea of ​​guilt to his lawyer."
From a labor lawyer to a criminal lawyer
As a result of allegations of bribery, most unions dropped Darrow from their list of elected lawyers. This effectively kept Darrow out of business as a labor lawyer, and he turned to civil and criminal cases. He took the latter because he became convinced that the criminal justice system could damage the lives of people if they were not adequately represented.
Throughout his career, Darrow devoted himself to opposing the death penalty, which he felt was contrary to the progress of humanity. In more than 100 cases, Darrow only lost one murder case in Chicago. He became famous for moving the jury and even the judges wept with his eloquence. Darrow has a keen intelligence that is often hidden by his tangled and unattractive appearance.
A July 23, 1915 article in the Chicago Tribune describes Darrow's attempt on behalf of J.H. Fox, an Evanston, Illinois, landlord, owns Mary S. Brazelton who is committed to a mental hospital against the wishes of his family. Fox alleges that Brazelton owes him rent, though other residents of Fox's boardinghouse testify to his sanity.
Famous national
Leopold and Loeb
In the summer of 1924, Darrow took the case of Nathan Leopold Jr. and Richard Loeb, teenage boys from two wealthy Chicago families who are accused of kidnapping and murdering Bobby Franks, the 14-year-old boy, from their stylish southern side. The Kenwood neighborhood. Leopold is a law student at the University of Chicago who will move to Harvard Law School, and Loeb is the youngest ever graduate from the University of Michigan; they were 18 and 17, respectively, when they were arrested. When asked why they committed a crime, Leopold told his captors: "The thing that drove Dick to do this and encouraged me to want to do this was a kind of pure love of joy... imaginary love of sensation, doing something different... satisfaction and ego put things down. "
The Chicago newspaper labeled the "Trial of the Century" case and Americans across the country wondered what could push the two young men, blessed with everything their people could offer, to commit the depraved act. The killers have been arrested after a passing worker sees the victim's body in an isolated nature reserve near the Indiana border just half a day after being hidden, before they can raise $ 10,000 ransom. Nearby was Leopold's sunglasses with his traceable traceable frame, which he had dropped on the scene.
Leopold and Loeb make full recognition and bring police in a hunt around Chicago to gather evidence that will be used against them. State lawyers told the press that he had a "hanging case" for sure. Darrow cornered the prosecutor when his client pleaded guilty to avoiding a revenge jury and put the case before a judge. The trial, in fact, was a long trial in which Darrow was at loggerheads, with the help of expert testimony, that Leopold and Loeb were mentally ill.
The closing argument of Darrow lasted for 12 hours. He repeatedly emphasized the age of "boys" (before the Vietnam War, the age of majority was 21) and noted that "there has never been a case in Chicago where a confession of a child under 21 has been sentenced to death." softened Judge John Caverly's heart, but also to shape public opinion, so Caverly could follow a precedent without too much uproar. Darrow made it. Caverly sentenced Leopold and Loeb to life in prison plus 99 years. The closing argument of Darrow was published in several editions in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and was republished at the time of his death.
The case of Leopold and Loeb surfaced, in a well-publicized trial, Darrow's lifelong contrast, influenced by psychological, physical, and environmental - is not a conscious choice between true and false-controlled human behavior. Psychiatrist Darrow witnessed the testimony that the two boys "are definitely lack of emotion". Darrow then states that emotions are needed for decisions that people make. When a person tries to oppose a certain law or custom which is forbidden, he writes, he must feel a sense of disgust. Since neither Leopold nor Loeb have a functioning emotional system, they do not feel rebellious.
During the trial, the newspaper claimed that Darrow was presenting "multimillion dollar defense" to two wealthy families. Many ordinary Americans are angry at his apparent greed. He asked the family to issue a statement confirming that there would be no large legal fees and the fees would be determined by a committee consisting of officers from the Chicago Bar Association. After the trial, Darrow suggested $ 200,000 would make sense. After long negotiations with the defendant's family, he eventually earned $ 70,000 in gross costs, which, after fees and taxes, netted Darrow $ 30,000, worth more than $ 375,000 in 2016.
Scopes Trial
In 1925, Darrow defended John T. Scopes at the State of Tennessee v. Trial. Scopes . This is often called "Scopes Monkey Trial," a title popularized by writers and journalists H.L. Mencken. The trial, which was deliberately staged to bring publicity to the issue at hand, pitted Darrow against William Jennings Bryan in a court case that tested the Tennessee Butler Act, which was passed on 21 March 1925. The act prohibited the teaching of "Evolution Theory" in any educational institution that funded by the state. More broadly, it is prohibited in state-funded schools (including university) teaching "any theories that deny the story of God's Divine Creation as taught in the Bible, and to teach otherwise that humans have descended from the lower order of animals. "
During the trial, Darrow requested that Bryan be summoned to the stands as an expert witness in the Bible. Over the other attorney's objections, Bryan agrees. The popular media at the time described the following exchange as the deciding factor that changed public opinion against Bryan in the hearing:
- Darrow: "You've given a lot of Bible study, have not you, Mr. Bryan?"
- Bryan: "Yes sir, I've tried.... But, of course, I've learned it for longer because I'm older than when I was a kid."
- Darrow: "Are you claiming that everything in the Bible should be taken literally?"
- Bryan: "I believe that everything in the Bible should be accepted as given there, some of which are illustrated illustratively: for example: 'You are the salt of the earth.' I will not insist that man is actually salt, or that he has salt flesh, but is used in the sense of salt as the salvation of God's people. "
After about two hours, Judge John T. Raulston shortened his question and the following morning ordered that the whole session (which somehow was not witnessed by the jury) was removed from the record, stating that the testimony had no effect. Coverage is guilty of teaching evolution. Coverage was found guilty and ordered to pay a fine of at least $ 100.
A year later, the Tennessee Supreme Court overturned the Dayton court's decision on procedural procedural - not constitutional, as Darrow had hoped. According to the court, fines should be set by the jury, not Raulston. Instead of sending the case back for further action, however, the Tennessee Supreme Court rejected the case. The court commented, "Nothing can be gained by extending the life of this odd case."
The event led to a change in public sentiment and an increase in discourse on the claims of the creation of religious teachers versus secular scientists - that is, creationism versus evolutionism - that still exists. It also became popular in an experimental drama, Inherit the Wind , which has been adapted several times in movies and television.
Ossian Sweet
On September 9, 1925, the white masses in Detroit attempted to expel black families out of the homes they bought in white environments. During the struggle, a white man was killed, and eleven black men in the house were later arrested and charged with murder. Dr Ossian Manis and three members of his family were taken to court, and after the initial impasse Darrow argued with the all-white jury: "I insist that there is nothing but prejudice in this case: that if it's upside down and eleven white people have shot and killed a black man while protecting their home and their lives against a bunch of blacks, no one will dream of having them charged.They will be given a medal instead.... "
After the cancellation of the session, it was agreed that each of the eleven defendants would be tried individually. Darrow, along with Thomas Chawke, will first defend the Ossian sister, Henry, who claims to have fired a shot at Garland Street. Henry was found not guilty on the basis of self-defense, and the prosecutor decided to cancel the charges on the remaining ten. The court was led by the Honorable, Frank Murphy, who later became Governor of Michigan and Associate Judgment of the United States Supreme Court. The closing statement of Darrow, which lasted for more than seven hours, was seen as a landmark in the Civil Rights movement and included in the book Speech Changing the World (named "I Believe in the Law of Love"). Two closing arguments from Clarence Darrow, from the first and second trial, show how he learned from the first trial and reshaped his statement.
Massie Experiment
The Scopes court and the Sweet trial were the last major case facing Darrow before he retired from full-time training at the age of 68. He is still taking on several cases like the 1932 Massie Trial in Hawaii.
In the case of making his last title, the Court of the Massie, Darrow, destroyed by the Great Depression, was employed by Eva Stotesbury, wife of an old friend of the Darrow family, Edward T. Stotesbury, to defend Grace Fortescue, Edward J. Lord, Deacon Jones, and Thomas Massie, Fortescue, who was accused of killing Joseph Kahahawai. Kahahawah has been accused, along with four others, raping and beating Thalia Massie, wife of Thomas and daughter of Fortescue; the resulting 1931 case ended with a hanging jury (although the indictment was later canceled and the re-investigation has shown them not guilty). Angry, Fortescue and Massie then arranged the killing of Kahahawai to extract confessions and were arrested by the police while hauling her corpse.
Darrow entered a racial atmosphere as a lawyer for the defendants. Darrow reconstructed the case as the honor killing justified by Thomas Massie. Considered by The New York Times to be one of Darrow's three most intriguing trials (along with Scopes Trial and Leopold and Loeb's case), the case attracts the nation and most white Americans strongly support the honor. kill defense. In fact, the last defense argument was sent to the mainland via a special radio connection. In the end, the jury returns with a guilty verdict, but to a lesser crime of murder. Regarding the closure of Darrow, a juror commented, "[h] e talked to us like a group of peasants.They may be big in the Middle West, but not here." Governor Lawrence Judd then changed the sentence to an hour in his office. Years later Deacon confessed to shooting Kahahawai; Massie was found "not guilty" in the posthumous trial.
Religious belief
Death
Darrow died on March 13, 1938, of pulmonary heart disease. He is 80 years old.
Legacy
Today, Clarence Darrow is remembered for his reputation as a malignant litigator who, in many cases, championed the underlying cause; because of this, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest criminal defense lawyers in American history.
Darrow's childhood memory volume, titled Farmington , was published in Chicago in 1903 by McClurg and Company.
Darrow shared offices with Edgar Lee Masters, who gained more fame for his poetry, specifically Spoon River Anthology, in addition to his defense.
Clarence Darrow's papers are in the Library of Congress and the University of Minnesota Libraries. Riesenfeld Rare Books Research Center of the University of Minnesota Law School has the largest collection of Clarence Darrow materials including personal letters to and from Darrow. Many of these letters and other materials are available on U of M's Clarence Darrow Digital Collection website.
List of books
- Eyes for the Eyes
- Crime: Causes and Treatment
- Persian Pearl
- My Story of Life
- Farmington
- Reject No Evil
- Marx vs Tolstoy
- Closes Arguments on Religion, Law and Society
- The Mental Myth
References and further reading
Primary source
- Museum of Chicago History: Darrow bibliography (online here).
- Darrow, Clarence. My Life Story . New York: Scribner, 1932.
- Darrow, Clarence. In the Grip of Law: The Letter of Clarence Darrow (ed. Randall Tietjen). Berkeley: UCP, 2013.
- Montefiore, Simon (introductions). Speech Changing the World (rev. ed.). London: Quercus, 2014.
- University of Minnesota Law School, The Clarence Darrow Digital Collection. (2016)
References
External links
- Quotes on McNamara's case from "Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned."
- Lawyer for the Cursed - or just another Cursed Lawyer?
- Ossian Haven The Sweet American Biography of America.
- Works by Clarence Darrow at Project Gutenberg
- Works based on or about Clarence Darrow in the Internet Archive
- Works by Clarence Darrow on LibriVox (public domain audiobook)
- Darrow Family Books in the Newberry Library
- Mary Field Parton-Clarence Darrow Papers at Newberry Library
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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